An illustration of a U-boat attack. The steamer is sinking in the background, while the crew on the U-boat watches. Nazi U-boat Attack American Ships during World War II inspired scenes like this. Willy Stöwer (1864–1931)
Most Americans do not realize just how close the Germans were to winning the war in Europe.
In 1941, and just before the U.S. entered the fight, most of Europe had already surrendered to Hitler’s aggression, and England was hanging on by her fingernails. It was losing the battle in the Atlantic, suffering as many as 100 ships lost between June and September 1941. In addition to attacking British shipping, both military and non-military vessels, the Nazi U- boats https://uboat.net/boats.htm even targeted ships containing innocent children, such as the SS City of Benares and the SS Voldendam, both passenger liners.
The Voldenham was attacked 2 weeks prior to the Benares, and had carried 320 children; luckily, it was close to shore, and all survived. Both ships were torpedoed at night during a tumultuous storm. On September 18, 1940, the SS City of Benares went down with a loss of 260 people, including 77 children. It was hit by one torpedo directly in the stern and went down in less than 30 minutes.
Bombardment in England
Because of the heavy German air bombardment in England, the country had set up a program to transport children to safer places during the war. The children on The City of Benares had been on their way to Canada when attacked. Some families, such as the Grimmonds from Brixton, South London, faced an almost unimaginable loss: five of their children — Violet, Connie, Lennie, Eddie and Gussie — had perished. Despite the horrific losses the British refused to give up.
The level of fear, however, continued to grow as Hitler’s own words began to resonate and haunt an entire nation, “since foreign seamen cannot be taken prisoner …the U-boats are to surface after torpedoing and shoot up the lifeboats.” The gruesome stories of German ruthlessness stirred Americans’ emotions. They anxiously read and carefully listened to the daily news reports of the war, and particularly the war in the Atlantic. An entire nation wondered what would happen next.
Children boarding a ship for a safe haven during WW 2.
British Children
British children just before leaving Liverpool, England, for a safe haven during WW 2.1940.Image: The National Archives UK @ Flickr Commons. England was all that stood in Hitler’s way of conquering Europe. Defeating her, however, required more than the German air bombardment of English cities. Adolph Hitler realized that England’s surrender would occur only when her resources to fight back were shut off. Stopping the flow of merchant ships carrying supplies, especially oil, and military equipment to English harbors was the only answer.
The commander of Germany’s U-boat fleet proclaimed that if he had 300 more U-boats, “he could strangle England and win the war.” Many historians agree with that assessment. To defeat Germany, however, required the Allies to destroy their wolf pack, those submersibles which quietly operated in groups, surfaced at night and torpedoed unsuspecting ships, sometimes full of innocent passengers.
German U-boat 1942.
Nazi U-boats
By early December 1941, Americans were acutely aware of the almost daily sinking of ships by Nazi U-boats. The war, however, was in Europe, and Americans could read and hear about the terrible atrocities from the comfort of their homes, far from the danger. That changed, however, after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and the United States declared war against Japan. This triggered the Axis Treaty between Japan and Germany, and, in return, Germany declared war on the United States. Within two weeks, Hitler’s high command had sent three U-boats to the shores of the United States.
Attacking at night
Striking in the dark of night, and especially during stormy weather, U-boats had proven to be the nightmare of the Atlantic. The U.S. did not anticipate German U-boats coming into U.S. ports. It was also unimaginable that a German vessel would operate in daylight, above the surface, and, in clear view of an American coastline. It was felt that, because of the U-boat’s design, the vessel was unlikely to even cross the ocean to the American coastlines.
With a crew of 44 men, a U-boat was not a pure submarine but was considered a submersible. When surfaced, it was powered by large diesel engines; when submerged, the engines would shut down, and the vessel would operate on 100 tons of lead-acid batteries. Operating the boat underwater required that the ship surface every few hours to recharge the batteries from the diesel engines and get air. If spotted, the hull of the ship was easily penetrated by Allied gunfire, and once punctured it would be nearly impossible for it to re-submerge.
It would be a death sentence for a U-boat to be spotted on the surface by Allied forces. America was confident that her shores were safe. The Germans, however, were also confident that America was not prepared for a coastal invasion, and they were right.
British Navy
In January 1942, the British Navy officially notified the U.S. Navy that German U-boats had indeed crossed the Atlantic towards the east coast of America. The United States ignored the warnings and left the coastline unprotected. In England, most seaside towns and cities had been shutting off all lights (blackout) at night, but on the east coast of America, everything, including ships in port, New York skyscrapers, and street lights, all remained lit up, silhouetted and huge targets.
Fleet of Submarines
Within three months, U-boats had sunk so many ships in U.S. waters that Americans thought that the Germans had sent an entire fleet of submarines, instead of only a few. On the bottom of the ocean during the day and rising to the surface at night, by the end of March 1942 bodies began to wash up on the shores from the New York harbor to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
German U-boat operated underwater by batteries, which made the vessels very slow.
The Dallas Morning News offered a running account of U-boat activities along the coast of the United States:
- January 14 and 15, 1942. In New York Harbor, two large tanker ships carrying crude oil were torpedoed. The engine room of the SS. Coimbra was quickly engulfed in flames, killing 36 crewmen. It was reported in the German papers, “ twas a fantastic sight for us, and no doubt a terrifying sight for the Yankees.” The same U-boat sank the huge tanker SS Norness with three torpedoes. Luckily, with no loss of life. From the bridge, the captain of the U-boat, Reinhardt Hardegen, could see the lights of skyscrapers in Manhattan. He wrote, “I cannot describe the feeling in words,” he said, “but it was unbelievable and beautiful and great. . . We were the first to be here, and for the first time in this war, a German soldier looked out on the coast of the USA.”
- January 29, 1942. The passenger liner Lady Hawkins was torpedoed and sank so quickly that it was not able to signal SOS. The ship was located 150 miles off the coast of Cape Hatteras, having left the port of Boston. There were 250 killed and 71 survivors. The survivors remained on lifeboats for five days until rescued,
More News
- February 2, 1942. The W.L. Steed, an American tanker, was torpedoed off the New Jersey coast in broad daylight. As the ship went down, men were getting in the lifeboats. Not showing any mercy, the U-boat surfaced and began shelling the ship and the lifeboats. Thirty-four were killed.
- February 6, 1942. The cargo ship Major Wheeler was torpedoed and sank off the coast of Cape Cod. The entire crew of 35 was lost.
- May 10, 1942. “U-boat Crew Watches as Torpedo Victims Drown.” Out of a crew of 35, one survivor was rescued after 14 days on a raft. The survivor stated that the U-boat cruised among the “bobbing heads of the sailors until they thought they were all dead.”
- June 1, 1942. Off the coast of New Orleans, four merchant ships, three of them American, were sunk by U-boats. This took place over four days, resulting in the loss of 9 sailors.
- October 14, 1942. On the St. Lawrence River, near Canada, a U-boat sank the railroad passenger ferry SS Caribou. Upon surfacing, the U-boat capsized a large lifeboat, killing 44 in the boat, including a woman who was holding on to her baby. The U-boat then just watched as people drowned. In total, 137 were lost with the sinking of the Caribou.
Gulf-America
Many consider the sinking of the Gulf-America the most outrageous of all U-boat attacks off the coast of the U.S. On April 10, 1942, hundreds of visitors, including a number of military personnel, were enjoying the roller coasters and Ferris wheels at an amusement park located in Jacksonville Beach, Florida. A U-boat slipped in close to the beach and torpedoed the anchored oil tanker. As the ship exploded into massive flames, the U-boat surfaced and idled there in full view of the beach. It was taunting the captive audience of shocked onlookers.
Many of the ones along the shore jumped into small watercraft, hoping to save some of the ships’ crews. Years later, the U-boat captain John Hardegen said in an interview, “There was no blackout. I could see the big wheel in the amusement park and all the lights and motorcars and the hotel in full light. It was easy for me; I could see the ship silhouetted against the lights.”
German U-boats had sunk nearly 25%
In less than a year, German U-boats had sunk nearly 25% of the commercial tanker fleet. This fleet supplied the Allies. Additionally, over 5,000 seamen and passengers were killed in these attacks in early 1942. During January, U-boats sank 35 Allied ships and a British destroyer, killing 1219 crew and passengers. In March, 48 ships were attacked by U-boats, and nearly all were sunk. During the first half of 1942, German U-boats sank Allied merchant ships, tankers, and passenger liners. And, of course, warships with relatively no challenge.
They were easy prey since they generally offered no resistance to the attacks of the German U-boats. In fact, until spring 1942, American ships continued to lie anchored at night with full lights blazing on their decks. The random coastal towns and cities made no attempt to dim their lights either. As the number of attacks mounted, Americans began voicing their concerns. The military began changing its strategy.
U.S. Navy officers searching for U-boats in the Atlantic. Image is courtesy of the U.S. Navy.
United States Navy
The U.S. began by laying mine fields in harbors. Additionally, they installed artillery in places that protected significant ports and waterways. Light planes and shore watercraft were ordered to be ready and prepared for battle when U-boats were spotted. The American Navy was criticized for not taking defensive measures sooner. After several attempts, the British persuaded the inept U.S. Navy to develop a new plan. The English had been dealing with U-boat attacks for several years. Because of that they had found a successful method to deal with the German Wolfpack.
The English began using convoys. Warships would escort groups of merchant ships, with the intention of luring the submarines into a battle. The U-boats would be forced to surface every few hours. They were then vulnerable for attack from the warships. If the submarines did not surface, they would use their radar technology to locate them. Then they would begin dropping depth charges in those areas.
Operating on the surface was a death sentence for U-boats, as evidenced in this picture. Courtesy of the U.S. Navy.
Radar System
Off the coast of North Carolina, the destroyer USS Roper used its new radar system to find U-85. After shelling the vessel, the Roper finished it off with depth charges. U-85 had sunk 3 Allied ships before it was stopped.
Later, the United States developed an anti-submarine warfare plan. It included 65 vessels equipped with the latest radar technology and loaded with depth chargers. Seaplanes were equipped with seaborne radar and high-frequency direction-finding, which enabled the detection of U-boats operating on the surface.
Ceased nighttime sailing
As more patrol planes became equipped with the technology, the tables were finally turned. U-boats were attacked at night while operating on the surface. Other measures included not allowing oil tankers to sail unless escorted by warships, and merchant ships traveled in escorted mini-convoys known as bucket brigades. These long-overdue measures reduced the effectiveness of the U-boats, and their attacks began to decrease.
The most decisive blow to U-boat attacks occurred when commercial shipping ceased sailing at night. The decision was made to put into protected harbors by dark. The success of U-boat attacks on Allied shipping was due to their element of surprise. That surprise was generally because they attacked at night and could easily slip away into the darkness.
In the end, the cost was high. U-boats sank over 3,500 merchant ships and 175 Allied warships before the Allied Powers destroyed the U-boat fleet. And, ultimately, the Third Reich.
Resources:
The Dallas Morning News (1942)
The Defeat of the German U-boats: The Battle of the Atlantic, by David Syrett
Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II, by Gordon Williamson
Miracles on the Water: The Heroic Survivors of a World War II U-Boat Attack, by Tom Nagorski
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American coastal cities like Miami and Charleston refused to blackout, thus providing perfectly silhouetted ships for German submarines. When begged by the government to blackout, they refused saying it was “Bad for tourism”.
Samuel Eliot Morison, the Homer of American naval history, writes about this with barely concealed fury.
Daniel A Brown we are really bad friends for what we allowed the Germans to do on our shores
The Nazi subs were having a field day off our coasts. One night four ships were all seen burning at the same time off Cape Hatteras.
The Americans didn’t know much about ASW. City lights left on, navigational aids left in place made it easy for the Germans. They called it the “Golden Year”. But Americans were quick to learn and innovative.
Because the coastal Americans wouldn’t practice blackout.
U-boat captains referred to this period early in the war as “the happy time”.
A good book is “The Mathews Men”, about the experiences of the U.S. Merchant Marine during the war.
And what we forgot. U.S. “pigboat” commanders did the same thing to Japanese ships. Hero or villain, depending on who won.
Hitler made two major blunders. He didn’t build all the submarines the navy wanted, and he attacked the Soviet Union. Thank God!!
Thank god(?) that Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. The America first isolationist movement was strong in the U.S. then
The only reason we got involved was Pearl Harbor
My parents and Uncle said the same thing. It was very scary for them.
My Dad told me about that. Scary.
Thank goodness Germany didn’t have squadrons of ME 262 fighters at the beginning or shortly after the beginning of WW2
One sub reached Florida
That’s where my dad served the north Atlantic and the Mediterranean!
And who would have guessed that Nazis would again be a rising issue in America thanks to the encouragement given to them by the sociopath in chief.
I wonder how our fathers, and grandfathers, who fought the Nazi’s in WWII- who fought against fascism and totalitarianism- would feel about the current administration that is destroying our country and our democracy. The current administration that turned it’s back on our veterans. And the president who demanded a $45M military parade to celebrate his own birthday, at the expense of American tax payers.
I wonder…
My son has made the comment a few times “if grampa was still here I can’t even imaging what he would be saying. “. Wee are neither left or right wing. Who can decide these days. We are just very sad and concerned U.S. citizens .
That battle of the Bismarck was a turning point of the war!!!
Yes, and thanks Paul for your comment. The attack you refer to was probably part of the numerous attacks called Battle of Torpedo Junction. German U-boats were sinking a number of ships from January to July 1942, including tankers, freighters and passenger vessels. Many of these attacks were visible from the Outer Banks.